Thermoelectric technology

Translation: Thermoelectric Technology

General Description and Applications

Thermoelectric technology is based on a physical phenomenon known as the Peltier Effect. This effect describes the movement of heat when an electric current is passed through a semiconductor material. In a thermoelectric system, heat is transferred from one plate (the cold side) to another (the hot side), creating a temperature difference across the module.

Structure of the Thermoelectric Module

A thermoelectric module consists of an array of semiconductor crystals that are electrically connected in series and thermally in parallel. These crystals are placed between two plates. When voltage is applied, heat moves from one plate to the other. Typically, the hot side is cooled using a conventional heat sink with cooling fins and fans, preventing overheating and maintaining system stability .

Applications and Advantages

Thermoelectric technology is widely used in cooling electronic components, maintaining stable temperatures in scientific and industrial systems, and in portable cooling and heating solutions. Each application requires customized module configurations to achieve optimal performance.

A standalone thermoelectric system can reach temperatures as low as -50°C when the ambient temperature is 30°C. In multi-stage systems, temperatures as low as -100°C can be achieved. For heating applications, thermoelectric modules can reach up to 180°C .

Materials and Innovation

Thermoelectric modules rely on semiconductors with high thermoelectric efficiency, such as bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃) alloys. Other materials like lead telluride (PbTe), silicon germanium (SiGe), and bismuth-antimony (Bi-Sb) alloys are also used in specific cases. Researchers are continuously improving these materials and developing new ones to enhance efficiency 

Challenges and Solutions

One of the main challenges of thermoelectric technology is its relatively low efficiency. The high cost of production for thermoelectric materials and modules also limits widespread adoption. However, ongoing advancements in manufacturing techniques and material science are gradually improving efficiency and reducing costs.

Safety is another important consideration. Thanks to advanced materials and precise process control, thermoelectric systems are known for their high reliability and effective heat management .